TUGAS MANDIRI
READING III
(BING3305)
Question 1
BALLOONING
The first kind
of air transportation was not a plane. It was a balloon. People traveled by
balloon one hundred years before there were planes or jet aircrafts. Those
early days of ballooning were exciting, but they were also dangerous. sometimes
the balloon fell suddenly. Sometimes they burned, the danger did not stop the
balloonists.
The first real
balloon flight was in France in 1783. Two Frenchmen, the Montgolfier brothers,
made a balloon. They filled a very large paper bag with hot air. Hot air is
lighter than cold air, so it goes up. The Montgolfiers' hot air balloon went up
1,000 feet in the sky.
Later that
same year, two other Frenchmen ascended in a basket under a balloon. They built
a fire under the balloon to make the air hot. This made the balloon stay up in
the air for a few hours. But their balloon was tied to the ground. So it could
not go anywhere.
The first free
balloon flight was in December, 1783. The balloon flew for 25 minutes over
Paris. It traveled about five and half miles.
Flying a
balloon is not like flying a plane. The balloon has no engine, no power of its
own. The wind controls the balloon. It goes where the wind blows. The pilot can
only control the altitude of the balloon. He can raise and lower the balloon to
find the right wind direction. That is how a good pilot controls where the
balloon goes.
Very soon
balloonists tried longer flights. A major event in the history of ballooning
was the first long flight over water. In 1785, an American and a Frenchman flew
over the English Channel. They left England on a cold, clear January day. After
about an hour, their balloon began to descend towards the water. They threw out
some equipment and food to make the balloon lighter. The balloon continued to
fall, so they threw out almost everything in the basket- even some of their
clothes. Finally, after about three hours, they landed in France, cold but
safe.
During the 19th
century, ballooning became a popular sport. There were balloon races in Europe.
Balloons were also used by scientists to study the air and by armies in war
time. After the airplane was invented, people lost interest in balloons. Planes
were much faster and easier to control. But some people today still like to go
up in balloons. High up in the balloon basket, they find quiet. They have a
wonderful view of the world below.
1 The first kind of air travel was in a ...
A jet plane
B aircraft
C balloon
D ship
2 Many
early balloonists lived in ...
A England
B the United States
C Italy
D France.
3 The
balloon will rise if the air inside gets ...
A colder
B hotter
C out
D descended
4 One
way to control a balloon is to ...
A use
the engine
B find
the right wind direction
C ask
the pilot
D not
change altitude
5
People stopped using balloons for air
travel because ...
A balloons
are dangerous
B balloons are not comfortable
C it is not fun
D planes
are easier to control
Question
2
In Europe men
don't usually wear skirts. But the Scottish national costume for men is a
kind of skirt. It is called a kilt.
The Scottish like to be different. They are also proud of their country and its
history, and they feel that the kilt is part of that history. That's why the
men still wear kilts at old-style dances and on national holidays. They believe
they are wearing the same clothes that Scottish men always used to wear.
That's what
they believe. However, kilts are not really so old. Before 1730, Scottish men
wore a long shirt and blanket around their shoulders. These clothes got in the
way when the men started to work in factories. So, in 1730 in a factory owner
changed the blanket into a skirt: the kilt. That's how the first kilt was made.
Then, in the
late 1700s Scottish soldiers in the British Army began to wear kilts. One
reason for this was national feeling: the Scottish soldiers wanted to look
different from the English soldiers. The British Army probably had a different
reason; a Scottish soldier in a kilt was always easy to find! The Scottish
soldiers fought very hard and became famous. The kilt was part of that fame,
and in the early 1 800s men all around Scotland began to wear kilts.
These kilts
had colourful stripes going up and down and across. In the 1700s and early
1800s, the colour of the stripes had no special meaning. Men sometimes owned
kilts in several different colours. But later the colours became important to
the Scottish families. By about 1850, most families had special colours for
their kilts. For example, men from the Campbell family had kilts with green,
yellow and blue stripes. Scottish people often believe that the colours of the
kilts are part of their family history. In fact, each family just chose the
colours they liked best.
This is not
the story you will hear today if you are in Scotland. Most Scottish people
still believe that kilts are as old as Scotland and that the colors a're as old
as the Scottish families. Sometimes feelings are stronger than facts.
6 This
passage is about ...
A Scottish
men
B the
history of Scotland
C kilts
D Scottish families
7 A kilt
is ...
A a kind
of shirt
B a kind
of blanket
C a
national holiday
D a kind
of skirt
8 The first kilt was made ...
A in Paris
B in the British Army
C by a factory owner
D by a Scottish family
9 Scottish soldiers wore kilts partly because
of...
A the colours
B the weather
C national feeling
D the style
10
Kilts are made of...
A old cloth
B striped cloth
C old shirts
D Army cloth
11 The colours of the kilts are ...
A part of Scottish family story
B older than Scottish families
C part of Scottish family history
D for the Campbell family only
12
By about 1850, Scottish families ...
A all wore the same colour kilts
B had special colours for their kilts
C wore blankets
D all wore green, yellow, and blue kilts
13
Most people in Scotland ...
A know the true history of kilts
B don't know the true history of kilts
C don't have any feelings about Scotland
D don't wear kilts
14
The kilt's colour of the Campbell family
are ...
A green,
yellow, red stripes
B blue, yellow, red stripes
C red,
blue, green stripes
D yellow,
blue, green stripes
15 When did all Scottish begin to wear kilt?
A 1700s
B 1730
C 1 800s
D 1850
Question 3
Clearing the air in Los Angeles
On
some hot, sunny days, the 14 million residents of the Los Angeles area inhale a
thick,
brownish
gray haze, and no one can ignore its effect. The smog obscures the San
Bernardino Mountains and the warm California sun; it irritates the eyes and
nose; it restricts the activities of athletes and people who have breathing
disorders; it injures the lungs of both young and old.
Southern
California's air quality is the worst in the U.S. Air pollution in the region reaches
unhealthful levels on half the days each year, and it violates four of the six
federal standards for healthful air-those for ozone, fine particulates, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. In 1991 the South Coast Air Basin exceeded one
or more federal health standards on 184 days.
Yet
these statistics hide a remarkable accomplishment of the citizen of Southern
California. Los Angeles is one of the few places in the nation where air
quality has improved dramatically since the 1970s. From 1955 to 1992 the peak
level of ozone - one of the best indicators of air pollution - declined from
680 parts per billion to 300 parts per billion. The California Air Resources
Board recently documented that population exposure to unhealthful ozone levels
has been cut in half in just the past decade. Furthermore, the smog levels
measured during each of the past three years have been the lowest on the
record.
All
these improvements were achieved at a time when human activity in the Los Angeles
area was increasing at a rapid rate. Since the 1950s the population has almost
tripled, from 4.8 million to 14 million; the number of motor vehicles on the
road has more than quadrupled, from 2.3 million to 10.6 million; and the city
has grown into one of the most prosperous regions of the world.
Although
the residents of southern California
still face and continue to tackle many air pollution problems, they have
an advantage in that they have spent 50 years studying the local atmospheres
and experimenting with various policies. We hope the cities of all nations will
learn from the experiences of Los Angeles.
The
movement to clean up the air in southern California began during the 1940s, a period
of rapid industrialisation. At the time, the region was plagued by sudden
"gas attacks" that irritated the eyes, diminished visibility and
produced an unpleasant odor. Then, as now, the smog was so obvious and odious
to the public that elected leaders were compelled to take meaningful action.
Yet their efforts provoked strong conflict. Some citizens and industries
fiercely resisted suggestion; to clean up sources of pollution. But the Los
Angeles Times published dozens of editorials demanding that the smog problem be
solved. The paper also puts its money behind its editorial mouth. In 1947 it
retained Raymond R Tucker, the former smoke regulation commissioner of St
Louis, to study air pollution in the area. Tucker identified and investigated
several major sources of air pollution, including heavy industries, foundries,
motor vehicles, backyard incinerators and smudge pots for protecting crops from
frost.
In
the same year, the oil industry paid the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to
give another perspective on the causes and control pollution. The organisation
discovered that the hazy days were caused in part by a natural weather
phenomenon known as an inversion layer. The warmest part of the atmosphere is,
more often than not, that the nearest to the ground, but under certain
conditions a layer of cool air can slip underneath a stratum of warm air. Such
inversions often form off the coast of Los Angeles as the Pacific Ocean cools
the atmosphere just above it. After ocean breezes blow the air mass inland, the
inversion layer traps air pollutants in the cool air near the ground where
people live and breathe. The mountains that surround the region compound the
problem, they prevent the pollutants from dispersing.
SRI
pointed out that natural materials such as dust, pollen fibers and salt are
important components of the haze but the institute also recognised that
industries and motor vehicles contributed to the problem by adding carbon
particles, metallic dust, oil droplets and water vapor.
In
the 1950s, SRI and Arie J Haagen Smit and his colleagues at the California
Institute of Technology began to examine the chemistry of the atmosphere above
Los Angeles. Their work and the research of others have revealed the complexity
of atmosphere chemistry. Automobiles, factories, and other sources release such
raw pollutants as hydrocarbons, water vapor, carbon monoxide and heavy metals.
When these chemicals are exposed to intense sunshine, they react to yield a
vast number of secondary pollutants-for instance, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
various organic compounds and acidic particles of nitrate and sulfate. This concoction
then interacts with plants and animals, causing a variety of different affects.
Many of these phenomena are still not understood, but 50 years ago even less
information was available.
In
1953, with the public fearing that the Los Angeles haze might become as bad as
London's "killer" fog, Governor Goodwin J Knight appointed an air
pollution review committee. Chaired by Arnold 0 Beckman of Beckman Instruments,
the committee proposed five key ideas for reducing pollution over the short
term. First, they asked that the emission of hydrocarbons be reduced by
improving procedures for transferring petroleum products. Second, they set standards
for automobile exhausts. Third, they encouraged the use of trucks and buses
that burned liquefied petroleum gas instead of diesel fuels. Fourth, they
considered whether industries that polluted the area heavily should be asked to
show their growth. Fifth, they advocated that the open burning of trash be
banned.
The
committee also hoped that over the long term Los Angeles would develop a sustained
automotive pollution control program, construct a rapid transit system and
start a cooperative program to regulate industrial sources of pollution.
Ironically, the report was issued while the region's public train system was
being dismantled. Today Los Angeles is trying to get back on track, so to
speak, by developing an extensive regional commuter rail network. The Beckman
committee's recommendation eventually grew into a coherent air quality
management plan for the region, but it emerged slowly and was reshaped many
times.
Soon
after the Beckman report, the neighboring counties of Orange, Riverside and San
Bernardino began their own pollution control programs. During the past 40
years, these regions have experienced explosive growth in population and in
vehicular traffic. The control programs in these regions were, for the most
part, as energetic and innovative as those in Los Angeles. But residents of
these counties soon realised that they needed to coordinate their efforts; smog
does not respect political boundaries.
16. Which part of the US that its air quality is
the worst?
A. California
B. San Bemardino Mountains
C. Southern California
D. Orange county
17. What did the California Air Resources Board
find concerning population exposure to unhealthful ozone levels?
A. It has been cut in half
B. It has been cut in third
C. It has been cut in quarter
D. It has been cut in fifth
18.
When did the movement to clean up the air
in Southern California begin?
A. 1940s
B. 1955
C. 1970
D. 1992
19.
What is the cause of hazy days according to the SRI?
A. peak
level of ozone level
B. carbon
monoxide
C. nitrogen
dioxide
D. inversion
layer
20.
What include the second pollutants?
A.
hydrocarbon
B.
ozone
C.
carbon monoxide
D.
heavy metals
21.
What is the third idea for reducing pollution over the short term?
A. reduction of emission of hydrocarbon
B. use
of liquefied petroleum gas for buses and trucks
C. the ban of open burning of trash
D. setting standards for automobile exhausts
22.
Among the committee's hopes, which one is the most difficult to be executed?
A. development
of a sustained automotive pollution control program
B. development of an extensive regional commuter
rail network
C. the
contribution of rapid transit system.
D. regulation
of industrial of pollution
23.
What does not respect political boundaries?
A. smog
B.
polluted air
C.
warmer layer
D. inversion layer
24.
Where is the warnest part of the atmosphere?
A. underneath
a stratum of wann air
B. nearest to the sun
C. above
the ground
D.
nearest to the ground
25.
What do the residents of counties of Orange, Riverside and San Bemardino need
concerning their effort?
A. coordination
B. proposal
C. recommendation
D. report
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